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Default value: false
When %edispflag is true, Maxima displays %e to a negative
exponent as a quotient. For example, %e^-x is displayed as
1/%e^x. See also exptdispflag.
Example:
(%i1) %e^-10;
- 10
(%o1) %e
(%i2) %edispflag:true$
(%i3) %e^-10;
1
(%o3) ----
10
%e
Default value: !
absboxchar is the character used to draw absolute value
signs around expressions which are more than one line tall.
Example:
(%i1) abs((x^3+1));
! 3 !
(%o1) !x + 1!
Declares the properties of indices applied to the symbol a or each of the of symbols a, b, c, .... If multiple symbols are given, the whole list of properties applies to each symbol.
Given a symbol with indices, a[i_1, i_2, i_3, ...],
the k-th property p_k applies to the k-th index i_k.
There may be any number of index properties, in any order.
Each property p_k must one of these four recognized properties:
postsubscript, postsuperscript, presuperscript, or presubscript,
to denote indices which are displayed, respectively,
to the right and below, to the right and above, to the left and above, or to the left and below.
Index properties apply only to the 2-dimensional display of indexed variables
(i.e., when display2d is true)
and TeX output via tex.
Otherwise, index properties are ignored.
Index properties do not change the input of indexed variables,
do not change the algebraic properties of indexed variables,
and do not change the 1-dimensional display of indexed variables.
declare_index_properties quotes (does not evaluate) its arguments.
remove_index_properties removes index properties.
kill also removes index properties (and all other properties).
get_index_properties retrieves index properties.
Examples:
Given a symbol with indices, a[i_1, i_2, i_3, ...],
the k-th property p_k applies to the k-th index i_k.
There may be any number of index properties, in any order.
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [presubscript, postsubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) declare_index_properties (B, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presuperscript]); (%o2) done
(%i3) declare_index_properties (C, [postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript, presuperscript]); (%o3) done
(%i4) A[w, x];
(%o4) A
w x
(%i5) B[w, x, y];
y w, x
(%o5) B
(%i6) C[w, x, y, z];
z w
(%o6) C
x, y
Index properties apply only to the 2-dimensional display of indexed variables and TeX output. Otherwise, index properties are ignored.
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [presubscript, postsubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) A[w, x];
(%o2) A
w x
(%i3) tex (A[w, x]);
$${}_{w}A_{x}$$
(%o3) false
(%i4) display2d: false $
(%i5) A[w, x]; (%o5) A[w,x]
(%i6) display2d: true $
(%i7) grind (A[w, x]); A[w,x]$ (%o7) done
(%i8) stringdisp: true $
(%i9) string (A[w, x]); (%o9) "A[w,x]"
Returns the properties for a established by declare_index_properties.
See also remove_index_properties.
Removes the properties established by declare_index_properties.
All index properties are removed from each symbol a, b, c, ....
remove_index_properties quotes (does not evaluate) its arguments.
When a symbol A has index display properties declared via declare_index_properties,
the value of the property display_index_separator
is the string or other expression which is displayed between indices.
The value of display_index_separator
is assigned by put(A, S, display_index_separator),
where S is a string or other expression.
The assigned value is retrieved by get(A, display_index_separator).
The display index separator S can be a string, including an empty string,
or false, indicating the default separator, or any expression.
If not a string and not false, the property value is coerced to a string via string.
If no display index separator is assigned, the default separator is used. The default separator is a comma. There is no way to change the default separator.
Each symbol has its own value of display_index_separator.
See also put, get, and declare_index_properties.
Examples:
When a symbol A has index display properties,
the value of the property display_index_separator
is the string or other expression which is displayed between indices.
The value is assigned by put(A, S, display_index_separator),
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) put (A, ";", display_index_separator); (%o2) ;
(%i3) A[w, x, y, z];
w;x
(%o3) A
y;z
The assigned value is retrieved by get(A, display_index_separator).
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) put (A, ";", display_index_separator); (%o2) ;
(%i3) get (A, display_index_separator); (%o3) ;
The display index separator S can be a string, including an empty string,
or false, indicating the default separator, or any expression.
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) A[w, x, y, z];
w, x
(%o2) A
y, z
(%i3) put (A, "-", display_index_separator); (%o3) -
(%i4) A[w, x, y, z];
w-x
(%o4) A
y-z
(%i5) put (A, " ", display_index_separator); (%o5)
(%i6) A[w, x, y, z];
w x
(%o6) A
y z
(%i7) put (A, "", display_index_separator); (%o7)
(%i8) A[w, x, y, z];
wx
(%o8) A
yz
(%i9) put (A, false, display_index_separator); (%o9) false
(%i10) A[w, x, y, z];
w, x
(%o10) A
y, z
(%i11) put (A, 'foo, display_index_separator); (%o11) foo
(%i12) A[w, x, y, z];
wfoox
(%o12) A
yfooz
If no display index separator is assigned, the default separator is used. The default separator is a comma.
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) A[w, x, y, z];
w, x
(%o2) A
y, z
Each symbol has its own value of display_index_separator.
(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o1) done
(%i2) put (A, " ", display_index_separator); (%o2)
(%i3) declare_index_properties (B, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]); (%o3) done
(%i4) put (B, ";", display_index_separator); (%o4) ;
(%i5) A[w, x, y, z] + B[w, x, y, z];
w;x w x
(%o5) B + A
y;z y z
is like display but only the value of the arguments are displayed rather
than equations. This is useful for complicated arguments which don’t have names
or where only the value of the argument is of interest and not the name.
Example:
(%i1) b[1,2]:x-x^2$ (%i2) x:123$
(%i3) disp(x, b[1,2], sin(1.0));
123
2
x - x
0.8414709848078965
(%o3) done
Displays equations whose left side is expr_i unevaluated, and whose right
side is the value of the expression centered on the line. This function is
useful in blocks and for statements in order to have intermediate results
displayed. The arguments to display are usually atoms, subscripted
variables, or function calls.
See also ldisplay, disp, and ldisp.
Example:
(%i1) b[1,2]:x-x^2$ (%i2) x:123$
(%i3) display(x, b[1,2], sin(1.0));
x = 123
2
b = x - x
1, 2
sin(1.0) = 0.8414709848078965
(%o3) done
Default value: true
When display2d is true,
the console display is an attempt to present mathematical expressions
as they might appear in books and articles,
using only letters, numbers, and some punctuation characters.
This display is sometimes called the "pretty printer" display.
When display2d is true,
Maxima attempts to honor the global variable for line length, linel.
When an atom (symbol, number, or string) would otherwise cause a line to exceed linel,
the atom may be printed in pieces on successive lines,
with a continuation character (backslash, \) at the end of the leading piece;
however, in some cases, such atoms are printed without a line break,
and the length of the line is greater than linel.
When display2d is false,
the console display is a 1-dimensional or linear form
which is the same as the output produced by grind.
When display2d is false,
the value of stringdisp is ignored,
and strings are always displayed with quote marks.
When display2d is false,
Maxima attempts to honor linel,
but atoms are not broken across lines,
and the actual length of an output line may exceed linel.
See also leftjust to switch between a left justified and a centered
display of equations.
Example:
(%i1) x/(x^2+1);
x
(%o1) ------
2
x + 1
(%i2) display2d:false$
(%i3) x/(x^2+1); (%o3) x/(x^2+1)
Default value: false
When display_format_internal is true, expressions are displayed
without being transformed in ways that hide the internal mathematical
representation. The display then corresponds to what inpart returns
rather than part.
Examples:
User part inpart
a-b; a - b a + (- 1) b
a - 1
a/b; - a b
b
1/2
sqrt(x); sqrt(x) x
4 X 4
X*4/3; --- - X
3 3
While maxima by default realizes 2d Output using ASCII-Art some frontend
change that to TeX, MathML or a specific XML dialect that better suits
the needs for this specific frontend. with_default_2d_display
temporarily switches maxima to the default 2D ASCII Art formatter for
outputting the result of expr.
See also set_alt_display and display2d.
Displays expr in parts one below the other. That is, first the operator
of expr is displayed, then each term in a sum, or factor in a product, or
part of a more general expression is displayed separately. This is useful if
expr is too large to be otherwise displayed. For example if P1,
P2, … are very large expressions then the display program may run
out of storage space in trying to display P1 + P2 + ... all at once.
However, dispterms (P1 + P2 + ...) displays P1, then below it
P2, etc. When not using dispterms, if an exponential expression
is too wide to be displayed as A^B it appears as expt (A, B) (or
as ncexpt (A, B) in the case of A^^B).
Example:
(%i1) dispterms(2*a*sin(x)+%e^x); + 2 a sin(x) x %e (%o1) done
If an exponential expression is too wide to be displayed as
a^b it appears as expt (a, b) (or as
ncexpt (a, b) in the case of a^^b).
expt and ncexpt are not recognized in input.
Default value: true
When exptdispflag is true, Maxima displays expressions
with negative exponents using quotients. See also %edispflag.
Example:
(%i1) exptdispflag:true;
(%o1) true
(%i2) 10^-x;
1
(%o2) ---
x
10
(%i3) exptdispflag:false;
(%o3) false
(%i4) 10^-x;
- x
(%o4) 10
The function grind prints expr to the console in a form suitable
for input to Maxima. grind always returns done.
When expr is the name of a function or macro, grind prints the
function or macro definition instead of just the name.
See also string, which returns a string instead of printing its
output. grind attempts to print the expression in a manner which makes
it slightly easier to read than the output of string.
grind evaluates its argument.
Examples:
(%i1) aa + 1729; (%o1) aa + 1729
(%i2) grind (%); aa+1729$ (%o2) done
(%i3) [aa, 1729, aa + 1729]; (%o3) [aa, 1729, aa + 1729]
(%i4) grind (%); [aa,1729,aa+1729]$ (%o4) done
(%i5) matrix ([aa, 17], [29, bb]);
[ aa 17 ]
(%o5) [ ]
[ 29 bb ]
(%i6) grind (%); matrix([aa,17],[29,bb])$ (%o6) done
(%i7) set (aa, 17, 29, bb);
(%o7) {17, 29, aa, bb}
(%i8) grind (%);
{17,29,aa,bb}$
(%o8) done
(%i9) exp (aa / (bb + 17)^29);
aa
-----------
29
(bb + 17)
(%o9) %e
(%i10) grind (%); %e^(aa/(bb+17)^29)$ (%o10) done
(%i11) expr: expand ((aa + bb)^10);
10 9 2 8 3 7 4 6
(%o11) bb + 10 aa bb + 45 aa bb + 120 aa bb + 210 aa bb
5 5 6 4 7 3 8 2
+ 252 aa bb + 210 aa bb + 120 aa bb + 45 aa bb
9 10
+ 10 aa bb + aa
(%i12) grind (expr);
bb^10+10*aa*bb^9+45*aa^2*bb^8+120*aa^3*bb^7+210*aa^4*bb^6
+252*aa^5*bb^5+210*aa^6*bb^4+120*aa^7*bb^3+45*aa^8*bb^2
+10*aa^9*bb+aa^10$
(%o12) done
(%i13) string (expr); (%o13) bb^10+10*aa*bb^9+45*aa^2*bb^8+120*aa^3*bb^7+210*aa^4*bb^6\ +252*aa^5*bb^5+210*aa^6*bb^4+120*aa^7*bb^3+45*aa^8*bb^2+10*aa^9*\ bb+aa^10
(%i14) cholesky (A):= block ([n : length (A), L : copymatrix (A), p : makelist (0, i, 1, length (A))], for i thru n do for j : i thru n do (x : L[i, j], x : x - sum (L[j, k] * L[i, k], k, 1, i - 1), if i = j then p[i] : 1 / sqrt(x) else L[j, i] : x * p[i]), for i thru n do L[i, i] : 1 / p[i], for i thru n do for j : i + 1 thru n do L[i, j] : 0, L)$ define: warning: redefining the built-in function cholesky
(%i15) grind (cholesky);
cholesky(A):=block(
[n:length(A),L:copymatrix(A),
p:makelist(0,i,1,length(A))],
for i thru n do
(for j from i thru n do
(x:L[i,j],x:x-sum(L[j,k]*L[i,k],k,1,i-1),
if i = j then p[i]:1/sqrt(x)
else L[j,i]:x*p[i])),
for i thru n do L[i,i]:1/p[i],
for i thru n do (for j from i+1 thru n do L[i,j]:0),L)$
(%o15) done
(%i16) string (fundef (cholesky)); (%o16) cholesky(A):=block([n:length(A),L:copymatrix(A),p:makelis\ t(0,i,1,length(A))],for i thru n do (for j from i thru n do (x:L\ [i,j],x:x-sum(L[j,k]*L[i,k],k,1,i-1),if i = j then p[i]:1/sqrt(x\ ) else L[j,i]:x*p[i])),for i thru n do L[i,i]:1/p[i],for i thru \ n do (for j from i+1 thru n do L[i,j]:0),L)
When the variable grind is true, the output of string and
stringout has the same format as that of grind; otherwise no
attempt is made to specially format the output of those functions. The default
value of the variable grind is false.
grind can also be specified as an argument of playback. When
grind is present, playback prints input expressions in the same
format as the grind function. Otherwise, no attempt is made to specially
format input expressions.
Default value: 10
ibase is the base for integers read by Maxima.
ibase may be assigned any integer between 2 and 36 (decimal), inclusive.
When ibase is greater than 10,
the numerals comprise the decimal numerals 0 through 9
plus letters of the alphabet A, B, C, …,
as needed to make ibase digits in all.
Letters are interpreted as digits only if the first digit is 0 through 9.
Uppercase and lowercase letters are not distinguished.
The numerals for base 36, the largest acceptable base,
comprise 0 through 9 and A through Z.
Whatever the value of ibase,
when an integer is terminated by a decimal point,
it is interpreted in base 10.
See also obase.
Examples:
ibase less than 10 (for example binary numbers).
(%i1) ibase : 2 $
(%i2) obase; (%o2) 10
(%i3) 1111111111111111; (%o3) 65535
ibase greater than 10.
Letters are interpreted as digits only if the first digit is 0
through 9 which means that hexadecimal numbers might need to
be prepended by a 0.
(%i1) ibase : 16 $
(%i2) obase; (%o2) 10
(%i3) 1000; (%o3) 4096
(%i4) abcd; (%o4) abcd
(%i5) symbolp (abcd); (%o5) true
(%i6) 0abcd; (%o6) 43981
(%i7) symbolp (0abcd); (%o7) false
When an integer is terminated by a decimal point, it is interpreted in base 10.
(%i1) ibase : 36 $
(%i2) obase; (%o2) 10
(%i3) 1234; (%o3) 49360
(%i4) 1234.; (%o4) 1234
Displays expressions expr_1, …, expr_n to the console as
printed output. ldisp assigns an intermediate expression label to each
argument and returns the list of labels.
See also disp, display, and ldisplay.
Examples:
(%i1) e: (a+b)^3;
3
(%o1) (b + a)
(%i2) f: expand (e);
3 2 2 3
(%o2) b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
(%i3) ldisp (e, f);
3
(%t3) (b + a)
3 2 2 3
(%t4) b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
(%o4) [%t3, %t4]
(%i4) %t3;
3
(%o4) (b + a)
(%i5) %t4;
3 2 2 3
(%o5) b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
Displays expressions expr_1, …, expr_n to the console as
printed output. Each expression is printed as an equation of the form
lhs = rhs in which lhs is one of the arguments of ldisplay
and rhs is its value. Typically each argument is a variable.
ldisp assigns an intermediate expression label to each equation and
returns the list of labels.
See also display, disp, and ldisp.
Examples:
(%i1) e: (a+b)^3;
3
(%o1) (b + a)
(%i2) f: expand (e);
3 2 2 3
(%o2) b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
(%i3) ldisplay (e, f);
3
(%t3) e = (b + a)
3 2 2 3
(%t4) f = b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
(%o4) [%t3, %t4]
(%i4) %t3;
3
(%o4) e = (b + a)
(%i5) %t4;
3 2 2 3
(%o5) f = b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
Default value: false
When leftjust is true, equations in 2D-display are drawn left
justified rather than centered.
See also display2d to switch between 1D- and 2D-display.
Example:
(%i1) expand((x+1)^3);
3 2
(%o1) x + 3 x + 3 x + 1
(%i2) leftjust:true$
(%i3) expand((x+1)^3);
3 2
(%o3) x + 3 x + 3 x + 1
Default value: 79
linel is the assumed width (in characters) of the console display for the
purpose of displaying expressions. linel may be assigned any value by
the user, although very small or very large values may be impractical. Text
printed by built-in Maxima functions, such as error messages and the output of
describe, is not affected by linel.
Default value: false
When lispdisp is true, Lisp symbols are displayed with a leading
question mark ?. Otherwise, Lisp symbols are displayed with no leading
mark. This has the same effect for 1-d and 2-d display.
Examples:
(%i1) lispdisp: false$
(%i2) ?foo + ?bar; (%o2) foo + bar
(%i3) lispdisp: true$
(%i4) ?foo + ?bar; (%o4) ?foo + ?bar
Default value: true
When negsumdispflag is true, x - y displays as x - y
instead of as - y + x. Setting it to false causes the special
check in display for the difference of two expressions to not be done. One
application is that thus a + %i*b and a - %i*b may both be
displayed the same way.
Default value: 10
obase is the base for integers displayed by Maxima.
obase may be assigned any integer between 2 and 36 (decimal), inclusive.
When obase is greater than 10,
the numerals comprise the decimal numerals 0 through 9
plus capital letters of the alphabet A, B, C, …, as needed.
A leading 0 digit is displayed if the leading digit is otherwise a letter.
The numerals for base 36, the largest acceptable base,
comprise 0 through 9, and A through Z.
See also ibase.
Examples:
(%i1) obase : 2; (%o1) 10
(%i10) 2^8 - 1; (%o10) 11111111
(%i11) obase : 8; (%o3) 10
(%i4) 8^8 - 1; (%o4) 77777777
(%i5) obase : 16; (%o5) 10
(%i6) 16^8 - 1; (%o6) 0FFFFFFFF
(%i7) obase : 36; (%o7) 10
(%i8) 36^8 - 1; (%o8) 0ZZZZZZZZ
Default value: false
When pfeformat is true, a ratio of integers is displayed with the
solidus (forward slash) character, and an integer denominator n is
displayed as a leading multiplicative term 1/n.
Examples:
(%i1) pfeformat: false$
(%i2) 2^16/7^3;
65536
(%o2) -----
343
(%i3) (a+b)/8;
b + a
(%o3) -----
8
(%i4) pfeformat: true$
(%i5) 2^16/7^3;
(%o5) 65536/343
(%i6) (a+b)/8;
(%o6) 1/8 (b + a)
Default value: false
When powerdisp is true,
a sum is displayed with its terms in order of increasing power.
Thus a polynomial is displayed as a truncated power series,
with the constant term first and the highest power last.
By default, terms of a sum are displayed in order of decreasing power.
Example:
(%i1) powerdisp:true;
(%o1) true
(%i2) x^2+x^3+x^4;
2 3 4
(%o2) x + x + x
(%i3) powerdisp:false;
(%o3) false
(%i4) x^2+x^3+x^4;
4 3 2
(%o4) x + x + x
Evaluates and displays expr_1, …, expr_n one after another, from left to right, starting at the left edge of the console display.
The value returned by print is the value of its last argument.
print does not generate intermediate expression labels.
See also display, disp, ldisplay, and
ldisp. Those functions display one expression per line, while
print attempts to display two or more expressions per line.
To display the contents of a file, see printfile.
Examples:
(%i1) r: print ("(a+b)^3 is", expand ((a+b)^3), "log (a^10/b) is",
radcan (log (a^10/b)))$
3 2 2 3
(a+b)^3 is b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a log (a^10/b) is
10 log(a) - log(b)
(%i2) r;
(%o2) 10 log(a) - log(b)
(%i3) disp ("(a+b)^3 is", expand ((a+b)^3), "log (a^10/b) is",
radcan (log (a^10/b)))$
(a+b)^3 is
3 2 2 3
b + 3 a b + 3 a b + a
log (a^10/b) is
10 log(a) - log(b)
Default value: true
When sqrtdispflag is false, causes sqrt to display with
exponent 1/2.
Default value: false
When stardisp is true, multiplication is
displayed with an asterisk * between operands.
Default value: false
When ttyoff is true, output expressions are not displayed.
Output expressions are still computed and assigned labels. See labels.
Text printed by built-in Maxima functions, such as error messages and the output
of describe, is not affected by ttyoff.
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